Additives are substances intentionally added to tobacco products by
tobacco industry in order to render toxic tobacco products palatable and
acceptable to consumers. Menthol is a natural compound found in several
plants of the mint family e.g. the peppermint, cornmint, and spearmint
herbs. When consumed it imparts a minty taste and smell, and has a
characteristic cooling effect.
General uses
Menthol is also produced synthetically for commercial use, and is widely
used in the food, flavour, oral hygiene, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical
industries. The tobacco industry is one of the main users of menthol.
Reported tobacco industry uses
Menthol is one of the most commonly used additives in the tobacco
industry. It has been used in tobacco products since the 1920s to
suppress the harshness of smoke and as a smoothing alternative for
smokers suffering from colds. Menthol is the only type of tobacco
additive that is sold as a particular type of cigarette i.e. ‘Menthol
cigarettes’. Menthol is added to cigarettes to provide a distinctive
(brand-specific) mint flavour to the inhaled smoke. The menthol is added
to several parts
of the cigarette: either directly to the tobacco, the inner foil of the
cigarette packet, the filter paper, or more recently as a crushable
capsule inside the filter for a stronger effect. The amount of menthol
added to the cigarette depends on whether it is being produced as a
“menthol” cigarette.
Mentholated cigarettes contain menthol at levels that are up to 0.45 %
of the total weight of the tobacco used in one cigarette (although
levels up to 2 % are also reported). Non-mentholated
cigarettes can contain menthol at much lower levels that make up between 0.01 to 0.03 % of the total weight of tobacco.
Harmful health effects
Menthol is generally regarded as safe for use in food and cosmetics.
However, this does not suggest it is safe when inhaled from smoking
cigarettes. Although studies show that when a mentholated cigarette is
burnt, almost all of the menthol is released into the smoke unchanged, a
small
amount (0.5 %) does burn and can form compounds such as benzo[a]pyrene
and benzene. These chemicals have been classed as human cancer-causing
agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (a leading
expert cancer organisation).
Menthol numbs the throat and increases the smoothness of the smoke,
which masks the harsh effects of cigarette smoke and thereby makes it
easier to smoke. Menthol cigarette smokers also tend to inhale more
deeply for the cooling effect. These effects (together with the minty
taste) particularly
appeals to young people as studies have shown that menthol cigarettes
are commonly used in adolescents and is often their first cigarette
brand of choice.
Tobacco manufacturers recognise that the cooling effect of menthol makes
for a pleasurable smoking experience and, therefore, also add menthol
to the tobacco used in nonmenthol
(i.e. regular) cigarettes. This provides a smoother and less harsh smoke
without the mint taste. Other tobacco additives used for this purpose
include peppermint, spearmint, thyme and eucalyptus oils, and the
chemical methyl salicylate. Consequently, by adding menthol, tobacco
manufacturers
increase the attractiveness and appeal of cigarettes.
The sensory experience from smoking menthol cigarettes can make it
difficult to stop as the pleasurable taste, odour, and cooling effects
may reinforce the smoking habit. Indeed,
menthol’s numbing effects on the lungs may allow many smokers to inhale
more deeply to get their nicotine fix. Menthol’s use in medicinal
products can also give smokers a false sense of safety. Studies have
shown that menthol cigarette smokers often have the wrong impression
that
the compound offers them some sort of health protection compared to
non-menthol cigarettes. This can encourage continued consumption and
helps sustain the smoking habit and thus greater exposure to the toxic
substances in cigarette smoke.
Menthol an Additive
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Donnerstag, 31. März 2016
Guar Gum
Additives are substances intentionally added to tobacco products by
tobacco industry in order to render toxic tobacco products palatable and
acceptable to consumers.
Guar gum is an extract of the guar bean plant. It is taken from the seeds of the plant and due to its gelling properties is used commercially (in powdered form).
General uses
Guar gum has many uses particularly in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries where it is used as a thickener,binder, emulsifier and stabilizer. It is added to various foods
such as breakfast cereals, dairy products, gravy, processed vegetables, and baked goods.
Reported tobacco industry uses
The tobacco part of most cigarettes (i.e. the shredded brown interior) is a mixture of the tobacco leaf and a paper-likeproduct called ‘reconstituted tobacco’. Reconstituted tobacco is made up of mashed tobacco stems and other parts of the tobacco leaf that would otherwise be discarded. Tobacco
manufacturers reportedly add guar gum (and its derivatives) to help bind this reconstituted tobacco in cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers also use guar gum to prepare the cigarette paper that wraps the tobacco.
The amount of guar gum added to bind the tobacco can make up between 0.6-1.8 % of the total weight of the tobacco used in one cigarette.
Harmful health effects
Guargum is generally regarded as safe for use in food and cosmetics. However, this does not suggest it is safe when inhaled from smoking cigarettes. When a cigarette is burnt, the guar gum present produces several toxic compounds that are either well-known to cause cancer in humans (e.g.
formaldehyde, benzo[a]pyrene and benzene) or thought to possibly cause cancer in humans (e.g. acetaldehyde and styrene) as defined by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (a leading expert cancer organisation).
Furthermore, the use of guar gum may be indirectly harmful due to the formation of compounds called aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde), which can make cigarettes more addictive by enhancing the addictive potential of nicotine. Aldehydes are very reactive and produce other compounds such as the
substance harman, which can also make cigarettes more addictive due to its mood-enhancing effect on the brain.
Some of the compounds formed when guar gum is burnt have a distinctive flavour. For example, diacetyl is one of the substances produced and has a butterscotch flavour, which can make a cigarette more appealing due to the improved flavour of the smoke. 2-Furfural is also formed and has an
odour and taste that is described as sweet, woody, bready, and caramel-like. Therefore, these compounds help make a cigarette more attractive by imparting a pleasant flavour to the cigarette smoke. This can ultimately lead to more cigarettes being smoked and thus greater exposure harm due to the toxic substances in cigarette smoke.
Guar Gum
Guar gum is an extract of the guar bean plant. It is taken from the seeds of the plant and due to its gelling properties is used commercially (in powdered form).
General uses
Guar gum has many uses particularly in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries where it is used as a thickener,binder, emulsifier and stabilizer. It is added to various foods
such as breakfast cereals, dairy products, gravy, processed vegetables, and baked goods.
Reported tobacco industry uses
The tobacco part of most cigarettes (i.e. the shredded brown interior) is a mixture of the tobacco leaf and a paper-likeproduct called ‘reconstituted tobacco’. Reconstituted tobacco is made up of mashed tobacco stems and other parts of the tobacco leaf that would otherwise be discarded. Tobacco
manufacturers reportedly add guar gum (and its derivatives) to help bind this reconstituted tobacco in cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers also use guar gum to prepare the cigarette paper that wraps the tobacco.
The amount of guar gum added to bind the tobacco can make up between 0.6-1.8 % of the total weight of the tobacco used in one cigarette.
Harmful health effects
Guargum is generally regarded as safe for use in food and cosmetics. However, this does not suggest it is safe when inhaled from smoking cigarettes. When a cigarette is burnt, the guar gum present produces several toxic compounds that are either well-known to cause cancer in humans (e.g.
formaldehyde, benzo[a]pyrene and benzene) or thought to possibly cause cancer in humans (e.g. acetaldehyde and styrene) as defined by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (a leading expert cancer organisation).
Furthermore, the use of guar gum may be indirectly harmful due to the formation of compounds called aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde), which can make cigarettes more addictive by enhancing the addictive potential of nicotine. Aldehydes are very reactive and produce other compounds such as the
substance harman, which can also make cigarettes more addictive due to its mood-enhancing effect on the brain.
Some of the compounds formed when guar gum is burnt have a distinctive flavour. For example, diacetyl is one of the substances produced and has a butterscotch flavour, which can make a cigarette more appealing due to the improved flavour of the smoke. 2-Furfural is also formed and has an
odour and taste that is described as sweet, woody, bready, and caramel-like. Therefore, these compounds help make a cigarette more attractive by imparting a pleasant flavour to the cigarette smoke. This can ultimately lead to more cigarettes being smoked and thus greater exposure harm due to the toxic substances in cigarette smoke.
Guar Gum
Cellulose Fibre
Additives are substances intentionally added to tobacco products by
tobacco industry in order to render toxic tobacco products palatable and
acceptable to consumers.
Cellulose fibre is the basic structural material of most plants,
and can be obtained from various natural plant-based sources such as wood pulp, cotton, flax and hemp.
General use
Cellulose fibres are used to make many different products
that include paper, textiles, and cardboard. The cellulose that makes up these fibres (or a modified version) is also used in the food industry as anti-caking agents, emulsifiers,
formulation aids, stabilizers, thickeners and texturizers, and also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries where it performs similar roles.
Reported tobacco industry uses
The tobacco part of most cigarettes (i.e. the shredded brown interior) is a mixture of the tobacco leaf and a paper-like product called ‘reconstituted tobacco’. Reconstituted tobacco is made up of mashed tobacco stems and other parts of the tobacco leaf that would otherwise be discarded. Tobacco
manufacturers add cellulose fibre to help bind and fill this reconstituted tobacco in cigarettes.
Tobacco manufacturers also use cellulose to prepare both the cigarette paper that wraps the tobacco, and the filter (both the inner and outer layers). The cigarette paper is a very important
part of a cigarette. It controls how the tobacco burns, and theamount of smoke. Generally, the more cellulose used the greater the amount of smoke that is produced.
Cellulose fibres are naturally present in tobacco (at levels ranging from about 5 % to 12 %). The maximum amount of cellulose fibres that is further added is about 6 % of the total
weight of the tobacco used in one cigarette.
Harmful health effects
Cellulose Fibre is generally regarded as safe for use in food and cosmetics. However, this does not suggest it is safe when inhaled from smoking cigarettes. The entire cellulose
fibre added to the cigarette is burnt while smoking. Many harmful compounds are formed that can either irritate the eyes and upper parts of the airways (e.g. acrolein), or cause cancer, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, furan, and formaldehyde. These
compounds have been classified as human cancer-causing agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer,(a leading expert cancer organisation).
The use of cellulose fibres may be indirectly harmful due to the formation of compounds called aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde), which can make cigarettes more addictive by enhancing the addictive potential of nicotine. Aldehydes are very reactive and produce other compounds such as
the substance harman, which can also make cigarettes more addictive due to its mood-enhancing effect on the brain.
This can ultimately lead to more cigarettes being smoked and thus greater exposure to the toxic substances in cigarette smoke.
In some products, flavours such as vanilla are added to cellulose during the paper-making process. This ensures that the smell of the smoke coming from the lit end of the cigarette (i.e. sidestream smoke) has a more pleasant aroma. This is a concern because not only could it allay any
potential worries smokers may have about their habit but it could also increase non-smokers tolerance to sidestream smoke, and thereby increase their exposure to secondhand smoke.
Cellulose Fibre
Cellulose fibre is the basic structural material of most plants,
and can be obtained from various natural plant-based sources such as wood pulp, cotton, flax and hemp.
General use
Cellulose fibres are used to make many different products
that include paper, textiles, and cardboard. The cellulose that makes up these fibres (or a modified version) is also used in the food industry as anti-caking agents, emulsifiers,
formulation aids, stabilizers, thickeners and texturizers, and also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries where it performs similar roles.
Reported tobacco industry uses
The tobacco part of most cigarettes (i.e. the shredded brown interior) is a mixture of the tobacco leaf and a paper-like product called ‘reconstituted tobacco’. Reconstituted tobacco is made up of mashed tobacco stems and other parts of the tobacco leaf that would otherwise be discarded. Tobacco
manufacturers add cellulose fibre to help bind and fill this reconstituted tobacco in cigarettes.
Tobacco manufacturers also use cellulose to prepare both the cigarette paper that wraps the tobacco, and the filter (both the inner and outer layers). The cigarette paper is a very important
part of a cigarette. It controls how the tobacco burns, and theamount of smoke. Generally, the more cellulose used the greater the amount of smoke that is produced.
Cellulose fibres are naturally present in tobacco (at levels ranging from about 5 % to 12 %). The maximum amount of cellulose fibres that is further added is about 6 % of the total
weight of the tobacco used in one cigarette.
Harmful health effects
Cellulose Fibre is generally regarded as safe for use in food and cosmetics. However, this does not suggest it is safe when inhaled from smoking cigarettes. The entire cellulose
fibre added to the cigarette is burnt while smoking. Many harmful compounds are formed that can either irritate the eyes and upper parts of the airways (e.g. acrolein), or cause cancer, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, furan, and formaldehyde. These
compounds have been classified as human cancer-causing agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer,(a leading expert cancer organisation).
The use of cellulose fibres may be indirectly harmful due to the formation of compounds called aldehydes (e.g. acetaldehyde), which can make cigarettes more addictive by enhancing the addictive potential of nicotine. Aldehydes are very reactive and produce other compounds such as
the substance harman, which can also make cigarettes more addictive due to its mood-enhancing effect on the brain.
This can ultimately lead to more cigarettes being smoked and thus greater exposure to the toxic substances in cigarette smoke.
In some products, flavours such as vanilla are added to cellulose during the paper-making process. This ensures that the smell of the smoke coming from the lit end of the cigarette (i.e. sidestream smoke) has a more pleasant aroma. This is a concern because not only could it allay any
potential worries smokers may have about their habit but it could also increase non-smokers tolerance to sidestream smoke, and thereby increase their exposure to secondhand smoke.
Cellulose Fibre
Elektrische Zigaretten
Seit dem Jahr
2011 erfährt die elektrische Zigarette (E-Zigarette) in Deutschland eine
zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit und Verbreitung. Die meisten E-Zigaretten
sind Tabakzigaretten äußerlich ähnlich. Sie bestehen aus einem
Mundstück, einem Akku, einem elektrischen Vernebler und einer
Wechsel-Kartusche, in der sich eine Flüssigkeit („Liquid“) befindet. Das
Liquid wird beim Ziehen am Mundstück vernebelt und inhaliert. Bei
vielen Modellen leuchtet dabei eine Diode (LED) am vorderen Ende auf,
die das Glimmen einer Tabakzigarette imitiert. Der Konsum von
E-Zigaretten wird als „Dampfen“ bezeichnet.
Die Liquids der E-Zigaretten enthalten als Hauptbestandteile Propylenglykol, Wasser, Glyzerin, Ethanol, Nikotin und häufig verschiedene Aromastoffe. Liquids ohne Nikotin sind ebenfalls erhältlich, werden aber selten verwendet. Einige im Labor untersuchte Liquids enthielten geringe Mengen an giftigen Substanzen wie tabakspezifische Nitrosamine und Diethylenglykol (DEG)[1], in Ausnahmefällen wurden sogar verschreibungspflichtige Medikamente gefunden (Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung von Übergewicht / Impotenz). E-Zigaretten enthalten keinen Tabak.
Die langfristigen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen beim Konsum der E-Zigarette sind noch unbekannt. Kurzfristige schädliche Effekte auf die Atmungsorgane wurden bereits nach wenigen Zügen an der E-Zigarette nachgewiesen[2]:
Die Liquids der E-Zigaretten enthalten als Hauptbestandteile Propylenglykol, Wasser, Glyzerin, Ethanol, Nikotin und häufig verschiedene Aromastoffe. Liquids ohne Nikotin sind ebenfalls erhältlich, werden aber selten verwendet. Einige im Labor untersuchte Liquids enthielten geringe Mengen an giftigen Substanzen wie tabakspezifische Nitrosamine und Diethylenglykol (DEG)[1], in Ausnahmefällen wurden sogar verschreibungspflichtige Medikamente gefunden (Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung von Übergewicht / Impotenz). E-Zigaretten enthalten keinen Tabak.
Die langfristigen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen beim Konsum der E-Zigarette sind noch unbekannt. Kurzfristige schädliche Effekte auf die Atmungsorgane wurden bereits nach wenigen Zügen an der E-Zigarette nachgewiesen[2]:
- ausgeprägte Atemwegseinengungen
- Absinken des Stickoxids in der ausgeatmeten Luft, dies weist auf Entzündungsvorgänge in den Bronchien hin
- Reizungen in Rachen und Mundraum
- trockener Husten
Die
Langzeitwirkung von inhaliertem Propylenglykol ist noch unbekannt. Da
es bereits kurzfristig Atemwegsreizungen auslöst, ist davon auszugehen,
dass der dauerhafte Konsum ebenfalls Schädigungen der Atemwege
verursachen kann. Unklar ist bislang auch, ob Propylenglykol schädliche
Auswirkungen auf die Fortpflanzung hat. Das in den meisten Liquids
enthaltene Nikotin ist ein Suchtstoff, der sehr schnell abhängig machend
und bei langfristigem Gebrauch zu Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen
führen kann. Eine weitere Gefahr geht vom hohen Nikotingehalt in den
Nachfüllflaschen aus. Dieser liegt ein Vielfaches über der tödlichen
Dosis beim Verschlucken für Kinder und Erwachsene.
Zurzeit unterliegen E-Zigaretten und Liquids keiner einheitlichen Regulierung oder Qualitätskontrolle. Daher kann nicht sichergestellt werden, dass tatsächlich nur die angegebenen und keine weiteren, schädlichen Inhaltsstoffe enthalten sind. Auch die Produktion der übrigen Bauteile der E-Zigarette wird nicht unabhängig kontrolliert, so dass z.B. keine gleichbleibende Freisetzung der Inhaltstoffe – insbesondere des Nikotins – gewährleistet ist. Fehlende Qualitätskontrollen könnten auch für die in deutschen und US-amerikanischen Medien berichteten Vergiftungserscheinungen und Verletzungen durch explodierende Batterien mit verantwortlich sein.
Zurzeit unterliegen E-Zigaretten und Liquids keiner einheitlichen Regulierung oder Qualitätskontrolle. Daher kann nicht sichergestellt werden, dass tatsächlich nur die angegebenen und keine weiteren, schädlichen Inhaltsstoffe enthalten sind. Auch die Produktion der übrigen Bauteile der E-Zigarette wird nicht unabhängig kontrolliert, so dass z.B. keine gleichbleibende Freisetzung der Inhaltstoffe – insbesondere des Nikotins – gewährleistet ist. Fehlende Qualitätskontrollen könnten auch für die in deutschen und US-amerikanischen Medien berichteten Vergiftungserscheinungen und Verletzungen durch explodierende Batterien mit verantwortlich sein.
Die Sicherheit und gesundheitliche Unbedenklichkeit der E-Zigarette ist nicht erwiesen. Daher kann der Gebrauch nicht empfohlen werden. Gesund ist nur der Verzicht auf jegliche Form der Zigarette.
E-Zigaretten
können durch süße Aromastoffe eine hohe Attraktivität auf Kinder und
Jugendliche ausüben und somit ein Eintrittstor für das Tabakrauchen und
eine Nikotienabhängigkeit darstellen. Auch die Verwendung in Verbindung mit Drogenmissbrauch stellt eine mögliche Gefahr dar.
Zudem ist unklar, in welcher Zusammensetzung der von E-Zigaretten erzeugte Dampf von den Nutzern ausgeatmet wird und die Innenraumluft belastet. Gesundheitsrisiken beim passiven Einatmen können nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Zudem ist unklar, in welcher Zusammensetzung der von E-Zigaretten erzeugte Dampf von den Nutzern ausgeatmet wird und die Innenraumluft belastet. Gesundheitsrisiken beim passiven Einatmen können nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Eignet sich die E-Zigarette zum Rauchstopp?
Mehr als drei Viertel aller Nutzer geben an, dass
sie E-Zigaretten nutzen, um mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören. Die E-Zigarette
kann Entzugserscheinungen wie das Rauchverlangen reduzieren. Ein
dauerhafter Verzicht auf jeglichen Nikotin-Konsum scheint jedoch den
meisten Dampfern nicht zu gelingen.
Durch die Einnahme von Nikotin wird die körperliche Abhängigkeit aufrecht erhalten. Außerdem werden vom Rauchen gewohnte Rituale und Gewohnheiten übernommen. Erfolgreiche Tabakentwöhnung erfordert jedoch eine Verhaltensänderung und Überwindung der psychische Abhängigkeit. Bei der Nutzung der E-Zigarette bleibt abhängiges Verhalten bestehen, lediglich die Form der Nikotin-Zufuhr wird umgestellt.
Durch die Einnahme von Nikotin wird die körperliche Abhängigkeit aufrecht erhalten. Außerdem werden vom Rauchen gewohnte Rituale und Gewohnheiten übernommen. Erfolgreiche Tabakentwöhnung erfordert jedoch eine Verhaltensänderung und Überwindung der psychische Abhängigkeit. Bei der Nutzung der E-Zigarette bleibt abhängiges Verhalten bestehen, lediglich die Form der Nikotin-Zufuhr wird umgestellt.
E-Zigaretten werden eher als Ersatzprodukt zur Tabakzigarette und nicht als Ausstiegshilfe verwendet. Sie eignen sich daher nicht zum Rauchstopp.
Sichere und wirksame Unterstützung beim Raucherstopp finden Sie in den
Angeboten der BZgA, zum Beispiel dem kostenfreien rauchfrei
Ausstiegsprogramm .
quellen:
[1]U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2009). Evaluation of e-cigarettes. www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/UCM173250.pdf
[2]Vardavas,
C., et al. (2011). Acute pulmonary effects of using an e-cigarette:
impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance and exhaled nitric
oxide. Chest, doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2443
Downloads und auch sehr interessant
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, 2012
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Elektrische Zigaretten
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, 2010
BfR rät zur Vorsicht im Umgang mit elektronischen Zigaretten
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, 2008
Liquids von E-Zigaretten können die Gesundheit beeinträchtigenDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, 2010
BfR rät zur Vorsicht im Umgang mit elektronischen Zigaretten
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, 2008
Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, 2012
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